The growth in popularity of conspiracy theories has interested many
social researchers and theorists for the last few decades. Commonly
they are associated with the Kennedy Assassination or the threat of
Communism in post-World War Two America today, with the widening
availability of the internet, they are influencing more people
than ever before. Only recently has the Conspiracy theory become part of
the mainstream cultural landscape and political discourse, although
often dismissed as being beliefs held by a small groups of outsiders.
Conspiracy theories serve as explanations for difficult and complex
systems that govern peoples lives. They hold great importance to
people in an age where increasingly abstract forces control economics
and globalisation threatens the traditional world view that previous
generations would have held. To examine the conspiracy theory
firstly, the models for understanding conspiratorial world-views
require analysis. The work done by social researchers into the
conspiracy theory has developed a few interesting understandings of
what they are and how they develop in a society, which include
firstly, 'Agency Panic' which briefly means that the loss of civil
liberties for the general population is often a central theme to
conspiracy theories. This may explain their appeal in a society in
which liberal individualism is valued highly, with the fear of this
loss of freedoms being central to a wide range of perceived
conspiracies designed to subjugate a whole society or particular
groups within a society. Secondly, the 'Paranoid Style' was a term
originally developed by Hofstadter to explain the paranoid nature of
American political discourse and is useful to understand the cultural
and political landscape of the USA that targets all non-capitalist
ideologies as the work of conspirators and secret societies. After
this the phenomenon of 'Improvisational Millennialism' discussed by
Barkun will be examined along with his types of conspiracies and his
understanding of the Stigmatised knowledge favoured by conspiracy
theorists. With this increased exposure to Conspiracy theories, the
adoption of conspiracies into the apocalyptic milieu by
Dispensationalists, the emergence of 'New Age' spiritualities and the
rise in belief of extra-terrestrial life and UFOs, a new form of
Conspiracy theory has emerged which has been called
'Conspiritualities', I will use Ward and Voas to explain
where these beliefs have emanated from. I will take these models for understanding conspiracies and then apply
them to the blog '2012 The Awakening'. This will create for a context
to the conspiracy theory theories to be examined, thus providing an exploration of where and why the values and anxieties
of the conspiracy theorist exist.
The growing popularity of conspiracy theories according to Melley can
be attributed to the “newly expanded definition, which accords the
conspiracy broad explanatory power and enormous political utility”
(Melley, 2000: 9). This definition accounts for its growing usage
amongst the political elite and those who operate in the arena of
ideological reproduction such as the media. The definition in its
expanded form can be used to frame any opposing set of ideals or
values to the accuser as being the work of conspirators. This panic
response to opposing political ideologies can in some cases be a
useful tool for the state to mobilise and generate support for its
causes, therefore, heightening its popularity (Melley, 2000). However,
a more common usage understands the state or at least part of the
states apparatuses as being conspiratorial. This is how conspiracy
theories play a particular role in society, they offer an explanation
to a complex series of interlocking structures that govern our lives.
For the average person, who does not possess all the required
knowledge to make sense of the geopolitical and economic forces that
govern the changes that they experience, they offer an understandable
relation between causality and effect. The conspiracy theory
therefore, offers a simplified explanation of the complex nature of
the modern world (Melley, 2000). One way of understanding the rise in
the popularity of conspiracy theories in society is 'Agency Panic',
the idea that conspiracies are formed out of a “sense of diminished
human agency, a feeling that individuals cannot effect meaningful
social action” (Melley, 2000: 11). Melley defines agency panic as
having two distinct but connected aspects, both expressing the fear of
the loss of individuality amongst society and a diminished sense of
personal agency, with “a belief that the world is full of
“programmed” or “brainwashed” subjects, addicts, automatons,
or “mass-produced” persons” (Melley, 2000: 12). The second form
of conspiracy is one which is associated with secret societies or
hidden agendas within visible structures of government, religions, or
big businesses. Conspiracy theories offer a solution to the groups of
people who feel as though in the modern world that they inhabit they
cannot exhibit their individuality and be truly autonomous, as social
structures and organisations are inhibiting their ability to exercise
these freedoms. This frames the individual and their actions in
opposition to societal forces that fight between each other for
control of human agency. By developing a conspiratorial world-view
that insinuates that all social structures are inherently in
opposition to the individual those that believe in the conspiracy can
ignore differences in backgrounds and form a community of conspiracy
theorists. This malleability of the conspiracy theory, alongside the
liberal ideals of the west, offers an explanation of its appeal to
varying groups who perceive a social inequality or their
disengagement from society as being a consequence of conspiracies.
The 'Paranoid Style' is a term to explain the rise of paranoid or
conspiratorial beliefs amongst the political elite and their
supporters in American politics, particularly during the Cold War, and the conspiracy theories enduring popularity to explain world events post
Soviet Union. Two main groups of people are attracted to conspiracy
theories, according to Daniel Pipes, these are the Disaffected and the
Suspicious. The disaffected are groups who “dislike the existing
order and offer radical idea about changing it” (Pipes, 1997; 2). This category explains the appeal and prevalence of widespread belief
in conspiracy theory amongst two distinct bodies of people, Pipes
highlights, as an example, the black community and the far right in
America. The spread of conspiracy theory beliefs has not only been
limited to the politically disengaged within society, this is where
Pipes analysis of conspiracy theory becomes strongest, as he
highlights the impact it has in the rich and well educated
communities in the USA. This group he labels the Suspicious. These
beliefs tend to align with the beliefs of the far right disaffected, in that they focus on NWO or Masonic conspiracies typically
containing a Luciferian religious underpinning. Notable examples are Republican
Robertson, who believes forces are trying to replace the Christian,
Liberal Capitalist, and Democratic USA with “an occult-inspired
world socialist dictatorship” (Robertson cited in Pipes, 1997: 10)
and a former presidential candidate for the Democrats, LaRouche, claiming that
the English monarchy is at the centre of a global conspiracy
involving “unrestrained Capitalism” and thus advocating “total war
against Great Britain” (Pipes, 1997: 12). Both these examples
support the understanding that the rise of conspiracy theory in the
USA can be evidenced in the political rhetoric of the elites who
frame ideological differences as being part of a vast conspiracy to
undermine American values (Melley, 2000; Pipes, 1997). Pipes analysis
details connections between seemingly opposing conspiracy theorists
and explains the techniques used by theorists to legitimise their
work with historical 'evidence', regardless of the time-scale,
presenting their conspiracies as occurring through long-standing
avenues such as the Knights Templar and the Bavarian Illuminati. Commonly such theories apply obscure information in favour of
information that is generally accepted by the establishment and they
tend to be protective of their sources stating that they wish to
protect the informant. In addition to this they do not reject
information that has been proven to be forged, such as the 'Protocols
of the Elders of Zion', and rely on bombarding the cynic with
large amounts of data, such as names and dates, to make their
assertions seem more credible. When confronted with information that
disproves their conclusions they assert that this is evidence of an
attempt to cover up their account of the situation and in turn reinforces
their belief in a particular conspiracy theory (Pipes, 1997). Furthermore, all conspiracies
and their targets are indicative of a few common assumptions, the
goal of the conspirators is always to gain control through hidden
methods. Whichever group or organisations gains the most from this, in the
theorists mind, is the conductor of the conspiracy. To them history is full of
conspiracies with nothing happening without the conspirators input
and that nothing is as it seems with conspiracies always hidden and
impossible for the average person to see (Pipes, 1997; Barkun, 2003). Although Pipes analysis offers similarities between conspiracy
theories which are commonly used by the theorist to provide
legitimacy to their world view it, however, assumes that all history is
orchestrated by timeless groups and not one off events which some
conspiracy theorists believe are the result of a single conspiracy.
Thus, it ignores differences between types of conspiracy and the
methods used by the organisations or groups, Michael Barkun in 'A
Culture of Conspiracy' develops this in his analysis.
There are many different groups implicated in malevolent actions by
Conspiracy theorists, Some of these groups operate in public and are
well recognised whilst others are abstract and hard to identify, with
symbolism or historic connections being used by the theorists to
point to their existence. Barkun outlines three types of
conspiracies; Event Conspiracy, Systematic Conspiracy and the
Superconspiracy. The event conspiracy is a single unconnected event
that has been conducted by a group with a limited goal intended to be
enacted through the orchestration of the objective, systematic
conspiracies and superconspiracies differ from these in that they are
much larger in their scope; however there is a distinct difference
between both classifications. A systematic conspiracy is connected to
an organisation that has ambitions usually to gain control over a
country or even the world with a broad range of goals that they want
to achieve and a range of mechanisms to achieve their goals, these
are usually connected to Masonic or Jewish groups. Superconspiracies
are even larger than the systematic conspiracies in their scope with
organisations, usually understood to be conspiratorial in their goals, being used as arms sometimes against one another to achieve the end
goal of the puppet-masters. At the top of these hierarchies they are very secretive and
their existence is hidden from view, unlike most of the systematic and
event conspiracies whose alleged conspirators are well known groups
or organisations even if non-existent (Barkun, 2003). Barkun
establishes types of knowledge used by the conspiracy theorist and
the millennialist adoption of an end-time scenario, not only in
traditional religious based narratives but also by the secular
theorists. In addition to this he comments on the rise of
‘Improvisational Millennialism’ as being a source behind many of
the newer conspiritualities, stating that these “odd conceptual
structures are apt to contain elements from more than one religious
tradition, together with ideas from the New Age, occultism, science,
and radical politics” (Barkun, 2003: 19). This willingness to adopt
beliefs from many radically differing traditions has been facilitated
in part, according to Barkun, by the widespread nature of internet
usage alongside the decline in traditional structures of power and
information, for example, organised religion. As with Pipes (1997)
Barkun states that this borrowing from traditions is typified by the
information and beliefs of many conspiracy theorists, who use
unorthodox sources and reject the traditional accounts for events in
the world. Barkun calls their chosen sources for information
'Stigmatized Knowledge'. He identifies five types of knowledge used
by the conspiracy theorist, Forgotten Knowledge that our ancestors
once held, Superseded Knowledge which has been deemed false by
science, Ignored Knowledge usually held by groups lacking in cultural
capital, Rejected Knowledge which has always been considered false by
the establishment, and Suppressed Knowledge hidden from us by those
who control the power structures (Barkun, 2003). These ideas
presented by Barkun have a great deal of commonality with
conspiritualities in their assumptions and their chosen 'knowledge'
as such it is hard to distinguish between conspirituality and
improvised millennialism.
Conspiritualities are a blending of New Age beliefs from the cultic
milieu and the conspiracy theory. Although neither have much in
common with each other on the surface they have grown rapidly in
popularity. This connection between the two worlds of spirituality
and conspiracy may have been facilitated by the increased exposure to
conspiracy theories through the media and the internet during the
mid-late 90's and the need for large numbers of Americans to
“experience spiritual growth” (Ward and Voas, 2011: 110). In
creating their understanding of the world they borrow heavily from
both the New Age and conspiracy narratives. A key theme of
conspiritualities is the transformation of the world through an awakening
of the population. They seek to enlighten the masses and in doing so
expose the shadow forces manipulating the world (Ward and Voas,
2011). It is at this point that the two worlds of conspiracy and the
New Age meet in, what Ward and Voas call, a “politico-spiritual
philosophy” (Ward and Voas, 2011: 104). Where traditional
conspiracy theories are predominantly right-wing in their politics
the conspirituality employs traditions of the left. The awakening of
the people leading to a new higher form of consciousness as the end
of the 'old paradigm', particularly echoing the Marxist idea that the
working class consciousness unifying would bring about the end of
history and a new historical epoch. Interestingly the New Age cultic
milieu offers a world that allows for hyper-individualisation, and as
such, the spiritual shopper to pick and choose what aspects suit
their life, thereby creating their own religiosity and
world-view. This helps to resolve the autonomy anxiety expressed by
the conspiracy theorist, alongside the inherent ability for a conspiracy
theory to aid in recapturing some perceived sense of autonomy lost to
the powerful forces controlling the world, giving the individual
“purpose and focus” (Stewart and Harding, 1999: 294). Ward and
Voas note that conspirituality is largely an “internet-based
movement with a relatively modest presence in 'real life'” (Ward
and Voas, 2011: 104). As such there is a need to examine one of the many
conspirituality blogs on the internet.
The blog '2012 The Awakening' is edited by a person called Annette,
who according to her About page, is a 'Starseed' who aims to “help
others awaken to their Divine potential, to raise awareness about
enormous metaphysical and geological earth changes unfolding at this
time and to assist people in remembering why we have all chosen to
experience this truly amazing time to be alive” (Annette, 2013).
The blogs 'categories' include subjects such as 'The 2012 Effect –
Strange new earth anomalies', 'Dark Cabal', 'ET's/Contactees',
'Guided Meditation', 'Starseeds' and 'Illuminati'. This mixture of
spiritual and conspiratorial aspects largely collected from external
sources are posted by Annette onto the site with links to the
original source, generally from other conspiracy theorists or 'New
Age' spiritualists, although links to newspaper articles are not
uncommon. The blogs focus is on the 2012 prophecy and the associated
transformation of human consciousness.
Posted on December 18th
2012 “The Shift of the Ages” by Patricia Diane Cota-Robles is a
prime example of the spiritual shopping that occurs amongst the
conspirituality movement. The post states that a shift in the
positioning of the Earth in relation to the Milky Way’s galactic
core will cause a shift in consciousness amongst the entirety of
humanity (Cota-Robles, 2012). This understanding of the 2012 prophecy
has borrowed from the Mayan calendar, Christianity, Astrology, and
elements from the cultic milieu, such as Light work and Vibrational
frequencies having an effect on the planet and leading to the
creation of a 'New Earth'. This shift is presented as an entering into
the Age of Aquarius and signalling the return of Christ to humanity
and the establishment of heaven on Earth. Therefore, it fits with
Barkun's 'Improvised Millennialism' as a form of imminent spiritual
awakening not wholly connected to a religious or secular
understanding of an end of history scenario. A post made after the
uneventful end of the Mayan calendar on the 22nd December
2012 offers the believer comfort that the ascension into a new form
of earthly consciousness did take place, via a channelled message from
non-physical entities, stating that “we know that you are well
across the midpoint of your threshold NOW! We also see that there are
many among you who feel disoriented, and aren’t quite sure where
they are! They are not sure if they crossed, or if they even found a
threshold to cross at all!” (Dagley, 2012) before offering solace
that if the believer keeps moving forward they will begin to see that
they have crossed the threshold. This reaction to an uneventful
passing of a millennialist event is quite similar to the way that
Millennialists can adapt their beliefs and world-views despite their
predictions, for example of the rapture or Christ’s return on a particular date, being proved incorrect, It is commonly observed that they often continue to have faith in the
biblical prophecy merely believing that they had misinterpreted the
signs. A prominent example of this would be the Millerites who after
their failed prophecy a large proportion of them split, adapted their
understanding of the biblical end times and “formed their own
denomination, Seventh-Day Adventists” (Fenster, 2008: 207).
Posted on the 4th December 2011, the article “Andromeda
Council: East China Sea 6.9 quake – Undersea reptilian base
destroyed” states that the earthquake that happened on the 8th
November 2011 was the result of a “sonic energy beam strike”
(Webre, 2011) from space by another alien race with the intention of
destroying this Reptilian complex. It is in this posting that the
picture of conspirituality becomes the clearest, it is from within
the editors note the relationship between New Age beliefs and
conspiracy theory is expressed. The editor writes that the “Reptilian
bases were sending out beams of fear and negative energy” and that
“if the unwashed masses knew the power to create a better life was
within, game over the ruling elite could no longer maintain their
control” (Annette, 2011). Comparisons between this understanding of
collective consciousness being awoken between amongst the 'masses'
leading to a Utopian future echoes the Marxist understanding, that
the dawning of true collective consciousness amongst the working
class would lead to revolution to overthrow the capitalist elite.
This can be understood within the context of this blog as being “a
paranoiac desire” which is “a “normal” desire within the
highly structured economic and cultural regime of capitalism” to
view those behind the power structures of Capitalism as sinister
(Fenster, 2008: 108). This is further supported by the blogs
categories, for example 'Capitalism Run Amuck', that indicates a broadly socialist ideological perspective being held by the editor and the call for
humanity to “stop focusing on money and materialism so that we can
better serve each other” (Annette, 2011). The UFO conspiracy, and
all of its assorted assumptions about state secrets and human history, can be seen as an ambiguous commentary on our own existence within an
increasingly secular and confusing world. Stewart and Harding
describe it as “a postmodern popular midrash on contemporary
American politics, society, culture, and everyday life” (Stewart
and Harding, 1999: 296).
More traditional aspects of conspiracy theory are also covered within
the blog such as the 'Illuminati', in a post from June 29th
2013, written about a large scale of this conspiracy involving 'black
operations' and secret societies. This indicates a belief that a
Superconspiracy is the guiding force behind human history. The
opening paragraph states that the post is a “comprehensive and well
researched account of America's hidden history” and that “the
history taught in schools and university's was written and shaped by
the winners over many generations, until recently very few people
knew the truth or had the whole picture” (Annette, 2013). The
opening paragraph of this post highlights both the belief in
suppressed knowledge from within the conspiracy theorist literature
as the right source of information and all other sources being
misinformation from the many different groups of conspirators. As
noted by Barkun, a conspiracy theory that
encompasses many different groups makes it incredibly resistant to
contradictory information “for if everyone besides the conspiracist
and the reader is complicit, then no information outside conspiracist
literature can be relied upon” (Barkun, 2003: 69). The article
referenced on the blog places the conspiracies earliest years in the
17th Century with the formation of the 'East India
Company' by Queen Elizabeth I. The author writes that “history has
not been a random series of events, but rather a carefully planned
and executed 'design' of land, wealth and resource grabbing by a
small number of wealthy and privileged individuals bent on world
domination” (Not known, 2013). The purpose of the 'East India
Company' was to secretly learn how to manipulate the financial
landscape of India whilst selling Opium into the Chinese, by
doing this the author claims the 'East India Company' became hugely
wealthy and merged with the British monarchy to become the 'Committee
of 300', which is subsequently placed at the top of the Superconspiracies hierarchy
by the author (Not Known, 2013). This historical context for the
conspiracy and the implications it has upon the world is noted by
Hofstadter who writes that the 'paranoid style' is more complex than
a simple belief in a conspiracy theory and that those who think in this manner do not see “conspiracies or plots here and there in
history, but that they regard a ‘vast’ or ‘gigantic’
conspiracy as the motive force in historical events” (Hofstadter
cited in Bratich, 2008: 32). The attacks on and placing of corporate
and ideological structures within the context of a conspiracy theory
by the author of the article is indicative of what Frederic Jameson
calls a “poor person's cognitive mapping” (Jameson cited in
Fenster, 2008: 108). By this he means it allows for the complexities
of Capitalist influences on the individuals life to be understood in
way that makes sense to the person who would not otherwise be able to
grasp the intricate nature of forces that determine the course of
history.
Although the conspiracy theory has been the subject of much political
discourse in America in particular throughout the 20th
Century, with politicians embracing ideas of non-conformity to their
political ideologies as being part of a world-wide conspiracy to
subjugate and control the American population. Often organisations
ideas like the UN, or more commonly Communism, took on the role of
malevolent organisations seeking to impose anti-individualistic
ideals upon the world. This world-view is most prominent amongst the
Far-right and Christian elements of American politics, with themes of
the apocalypse often appearing within the conspiratorial rhetoric.
The political paranoia and subsequent conspiracy rhetoric has gained
momentum in recent years, this is due to the availability of
conspiracy theories through the internet and, increasingly, the
conventional media. A distrust of the official accounts of events
such as 9/11 can lead individuals to a plethora of internet sites
offering alternative explanations for the events that unfolded from a
non-corporate source. This information could be particularly appealing
to groups who feel alienated from the masses within society. This is
why the belief in conspiracies has spread to those on the left, increasingly becoming an commonplace part of the collective
world-view amongst Socialists. The alternative access to information the internet
provides enables users to build a large community of conspiracy theorists. It also provides the chance to pick and choose what they wish to believe in accordance with what
suits their individual outlook on life and society. Its distinction
from the traditional sources of information allows the conspiracy
theorists to exercise their own autonomy and feel as though they are
making a difference in the world, in so far that they are revealing
the truth behind a perceived loss of agency in the world. The rise of
internet based conspiracy communities has facilitated the spread of
alternative spiritualities and millennialist ideas about the end of
history or shifting paradigms, this is more commonly being
incorporated into the conspiracy theorists understanding of the
world. Furthermore, the merging of spirituality and conspiracy theory
into conspiritualities is the result of the changing nature of
society and the increased levels of people looking for answers away
from the traditional sources whether they are political or spiritual
in nature. They are increasingly choosing the internet to discover
alternative understandings of spirituality and world events. This
adaptable approach to their belief systems sees the individual
borrowing ideas from multiple religions and cultures in constructing
their understanding of prophecies and world events such as the Mayan
calendar, which was to destroy the world or bring about a paradigm
shift depending on the theory, and gained world wide coverage. This
event largely entered into the public consciousness due to the
multiplicity of internet sites, films, books and articles written
about the many different possibilities offered by the
conspiritualitists. Ufology whilst always popular amongst the western
imagination has become a prime example of the conspiritual
understanding of the universe and the world, with many differing
explanations of the nature of the aliens, from benevolent
extra-dimensional non-physical beings to malevolent terrestrial
underground shape-shifters controlling humanity. The conspiritual
milieu allows for the theorists to create their own understanding of
the hidden forces amongst humanity. These alien beliefs can, and
usually do, take the form of Superconspiracies. It is within
superconspiracies that large proportions of the internet-based
conspiracy theorists beliefs reside, such as secret societies manipulating the world in accordance with the views of the NWO, Jews,
Illuminati or Aliens. Access to this stigmatised knowledge through
the internet has allowed for conspiracy theorists to create incredibly complex and hard to discredit versions of world
power-structures with secret societies controlling every aspect of
human history. This has only further aided the growing popularity of
conspiracy theories due to an increased dissatisfaction with events
in the world caused by secret societies with
goals counter to humanities best interests.
References
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